NMDA, or the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, is a glutamate receptor and an ion channel found within neurons. It is one of three types of ionotropic receptors within the body. The other two are AMPA and kainate receptors. Depending on which subunit the NMDA receptor is, its ligands are glutamate and glycine. However, it is a fairly picky receptor co...

Russian scientists first created phenylpiracetam nootropics. After adding a phenyl group (a cyclic group of atoms) to piracetam, they realized they had synthesized an entirely new smart drug. Like other nootropics, phenylpiracetam is designed to improve cognitive abilities and physical energy.It increases the density of acetylcholine, dopamine, gam...

In 2014, researchers conducted a study to observe the effects of phenylpiracetam. Sixty-three patients between 19 and 28 were chosen to help understand how phenylpiracetam affects the mind. Each of the subjects had previously been under the influence of opioids and had to undergo a six-week-long withdrawal treatment prior to the trial proceeding. O...