Notice the query parameter fvid= at the end of sheet's url.

When you create a filter. That Filter View Id will appear. You can have many filter views in the sheet, yours or someone else's. The way to make sure you are opening the sheet with your filter on, is to append the fvid= param at the end of the url.

Example:

https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/<YOUR-FILE-ID>/edit#gid=0&fvid=1781225551