You can use regular App Service Plan, instead of a consumption plan to remove the timeout limit of 10 minutes forced on you on the cunsumption plan. The default is 5 minutes for consumption plan.

Indicates the timeout duration for all functions. It follows the timespan string format. In a serverless Consumption plan, the valid range is from 1 second to 10 minutes, and the default value is 5 minutes.

In the Premium plan, the valid range is from 1 second to 60 minutes, and the default value is 30 minutes.

In a Dedicated (App Service) plan, there is no overall limit, and the default value is 30 minutes. A value of -1 indicates unbounded execution, but keeping a fixed upper bound is recommended

https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/azure-functions/functions-host-json#functiontimeout

(Other answer is a bit confusing, so writing instead of editing a lot)

Azure Functions can now run up to 10 minutes using the consumption plan by adding the functionTimeout setting to your host.json file:

In a serverless Consumption plan, the valid range is from 1 second to 10 minutes, and the default value is 5 minutes.

In both Premium and Dedicated (App Service) plans, there is no overall limit, and the default value is 30 minutes. A value of -1 indicates unbounded execution, but keeping a fixed upper bound is recommended

Source: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/azure-functions/functions-host-json#functiontimeout

File: host.json

// Value indicating the timeout duration for all functions.
// Set functionTimeout to 10 minutes
{
    "functionTimeout": "00:10:00"
}

Source:

Azure Functions in a Consumption plan are limited to 10 minutes for a single execution. In the Premium plan, the run duration defaults to 30 minutes to prevent runaway executions. However, you can modify the host.json configuration to make this unbounded for Premium plan apps.

In preview, your duration is not guaranteed past 12 minutes and will have the best chance of running beyond 30 minutes if your app is not scaled beyond its minimum worker count.